In the early 20 th century, Guinness breweries in Dublin had a policy of hiring the best graduates from Oxford and Cambridge to improve their industrial processes. At the time, it was considered a ...

Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is most often used by researchers to test predictions, called hypotheses. The first step in ...

The first thing any scientist does before performing an experiment is to form a hypothesis about the experiment's outcome. This often takes the form of a null hypothesis, which is a statistical ...

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

What is the chi-squared test? The chi-squared test, often written as χ 2 test, is a statistical hypothesis test used in the analysis of categorical variables to determine whether observed data are ...

Post-hoc testing is carried out after a statistical analysis where you have performed multiple significance tests, ‘post-hoc’ coming from the Latin “after this”. Post-hoc analysis represents a way to ...

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

Exact statistics can be useful in situations where the asymptotic assumptions are not met, and so the asymptotic p-values are not close approximations for the true p-values. Standard asymptotic ...